Latest share market news

DSE NEWS: Daily Turnover of Main Board

Today's (15.12.2025) Total Trades: 150,814; Volume: 147,187,020 and Turnover: Tk. 4,131.191 million. Today's (15.12.2025) Total Tr..

TB20Y0632: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 27/06/2032 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y1227: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 26/12/2027 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB15Y1228: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 15Y BGTB 26/12/2028 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB15Y1227: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 15Y BGTB 19/12/2027 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

TB15Y0628: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 15Y BGTB 19/06/2028 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

TB20Y0639: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 26/06/2039 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y1232: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 26/12/2032 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB15Y1226: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 15Y BGTB 21/12/2026 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

TB5Y0626: Resumption after Record Date

Trading of the Government Securities will resume on 17.12.2025.

TB10Y0628: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 10Y BGTB 20/06/2028 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

TB15Y0629: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 15Y BGTB 25/06/2029 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y0633: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 26/06/2033 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y1233: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 26/12/2033 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y0634: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 25/06/2034 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y0628: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 25/06/2028 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y1231: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 28/12/2031 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB20Y1242: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 28/12/2042 Government Securities is 24.12.2025.

TB10Y0630: Resumption after Record Date

Trading of the Government Securities will resume on 17.12.2025.

TB10Y0629: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 10Y BGTB 19/06/2029 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

TB10Y1232: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 10Y BGTB 21/12/2032 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

TB15Y0627: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 15Y BGTB 20/06/2027 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

TB10Y0634: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of 10Y BGTB 20/06/2034 Government Securities will be suspended on record date i.e., 18.12.2025 and day before the record d..

GENEXIL: Spot News

Trading of the shares of the company will be allowed only in the Spot Market and Block transaction will also be settled as per spo..

GOLDENSON: Resumption after Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will resume on 17.12.2025.

ACHIASF: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will remain suspended on record date i.e., 17.12.2025.

FORTUNE: Resumption after Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will resume on 17.12.2025.

IBBL2PBOND: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of the bond will remain suspended on record date i.e., 17.12.2025.

CVOPRL: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will remain suspended on record date i.e., 17.12.2025 for entitlement of Stock Dividend.

SILCOPHL: Resumption after Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will resume on 17.12.2025.

INTRACO: Board Meeting schedule under LR 16(1)

As per Regulation 16(1) of the Dhaka Stock Exchange (Listing) Regulations, 2015, the Company has informed that a meeting of the Bo..

DAFODILCOM: Emphasis of Matters

The auditor of the company has given the Emphasis of Matters in the audited financial statement of the company for the year ended ..

EASTRNLUB: Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter paragraphs in the audited financial statement of..

AMBEEPHA: Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter in the Auditor's Report of the company for the y..

DOMINAGE: Emphasis of Matters

The auditor of the company has given the Emphasis of Matters in the audited financial statement of the company for the year ended ..

CAPITECGBF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.84 per unit on the basis of c..

MBL1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.40 per unit on the basis of c..

DBH1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.34 per unit on the basis of c..

SEMLLECMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.70 per unit on the basis of c..

AIBL1STIMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.83 per unit on the basis of c..

GRAMEENS2: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 15.41 per unit on the basis of ..

SEMLIBBLSF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.55 per unit on the basis of c..

BARKAPOWER: Material Uncertainty Related to Going Concern and Others

The auditor of the company has given the Qualified Opinion, Emphasis of Matter, Material Uncertainty Related to Going Concern, and..

VAMLRBBF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.54 per unit on the basis of c..

SEMLFBSLGF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.29 per unit on the basis of c..

NCCBLMF1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.06 per unit on the basis of c..

LRGLOBMF1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.42 per unit on the basis of c..

RELIANCE1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 10.50 per unit on the basis of ..

ECABLES: Qualified Opinion

The auditor of the company has given the Qualified Opinion in the audited financial statement of the company for the year ended Ju..

VAMLBDMF1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.73 per unit on the basis of c..

GREENDELMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.64 per unit on the basis of c..

FBFIF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.05 per unit on the basis of c..

CAPMBDBLMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.07 per unit on the basis of c..

POPULAR1MF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.93 per unit on the basis of..

CAPMIBBLMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.74 per unit on the basis of c..

TRUSTB1MF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.41 per unit on the basis of c..

PHPMF1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.75 per unit on the basis of..

IFIC1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.34 per unit on the basis of c..

PF1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.63 per unit on the basis of c..

IFILISLMF1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.84 per unit on the basis of c..

EXIM1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.13 per unit on the basis of c..

ICBEPMF1S1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.36 per unit on the basis of c..

ICB3RDNRB: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.51 per unit on the basis of c..

1STPRIMFMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.29 per unit on the basis of c..

ICBAGRANI1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.23 per unit on the basis of c..

GLDNJMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.30 per unit on the basis of c..

ICBSONALI1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.17 per unit on the basis of c..

PRIME1ICBA: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.58 per unit on the basis of c..

ABB1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.01 per unit on the basis of..

EBLNRBMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.37 per unit on the basis of..

ICBAMCL2ND: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.30 per unit on the basis of c..

1JANATAMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 5.95 per unit on the basis of c..

BDLAMPS: Credit Rating Result

Emerging Credit Rating Limited (ECRL) has affirmed surveillance rating of the Company as "AA-" in the long term and "ST-2" in the ..

EBL1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 14, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.26 per unit on the basis of c..

NURANI: Inspection of the factory premises of Nurani Dyeing & Sweater Limited

A team of DSE visited the factory premises of Nurani Dyeing & Sweater Limited on July 21, 2025 and found the operation/production ..

ARAMITCEM: Inspection of the factory premises of the company

A team of DSE visited the factory premises of Aramit Cement Limited on July 22, 2025 and found the operation/production closed.

MAKSONSPIN: Price Limit Open

There will be no price limit on the trading of the shares of the Company today (15.12.2025) following its corporate declaration.

BSEC NEWS: Awareness Message for Investors

Investors are requested to consider the following facts at the time of making investment decision in the Capital Market: 1. Withou..

DSE NEWS: Awareness Message for Investors

DSE does not publish market data through any social media pages. INVESTORS should not rely on any information from an unauthorized..

RSRMSTEEL: Inspection of the factory premises of the company

A team of DSE visited the factory premises of Ratanpur Steel Re-Rolling Mills Limited on July 20, 2025 and found the operation/pro..

DSE NEWS: Greetings Message

Honorable Investors, Good morning! Please make your investment decision based on Company fundamentals, technical analysis, price l..

PDL: Inspection of factory premises of Pacific Denims Limited

A team of Dhaka Stock Exchange PLC. (DSE) visited the factory premises of Pacific Denims Limited on October 22, 2025 to inspect it..

RENATA: Trading of Preference Shares issued by Renata PLC at ATB

DSE is pleased to announce that trading of Preference Shares issued by Renata PLC will commence at DSE from Monday, December 15, 2..

UCB: Appointment of Company Secretary

The Company has informed Mr. Tanvir Ahmed Siddiqui has been appointed as the Company Secretary of the company with effect from Dec..

PREBPBOND: Declaration of Half Yearly Coupon Rate

The Premier Bank PLC. has informed that Half Yearly Coupon Rate of Premier Bank Perpetual Bond has been approved @10.00% per annum..

ACHIASF: Regarding Stock Dividend for the year ended June 30, 2025

Referring to their earlier news disseminated by DSE on 26.11.2025 regarding Dividend Declaration, the company has informed that re..

DSE NEWS: Regarding Lodging Investor Complaints through CCAM

The Investors are requested to lodge their complaints against the TREC Holder Companies and the issuer of listed securities (if an..

DOMINAGE: Inspection of factory premises of Dominage Steel Building Systems Ltd.

A team of Dhaka Stock Exchange PLC. (DSE) inspected the factory premises of Dominage Steel Building Systems Limited at Ashulia, Sa..

DSE NEWS: Awareness message

DSE NEWS: All Stock Dealers, Stock Brokers and Authorized Representatives are asked to strictly follow the code of conduct as enum..

PREBPBOND: Price Limit Open

There will be no price limit on the trading of the Premier Bank Perpetual Bond today (15.12.2025) following its corporate declarat..

MAKSONSPIN: Dividend Declaration

The Board of Directors has recommended No Dividend for the year ended June 30, 2025. Date of AGM: 24.02.2026, Time: 11.00 AM, Venu..

EASTRNLUB: Change in time of 57th AGM

Refer to their earlier news disseminated by DSE on 23.11.2025 regarding dividend declaration, the company has further informed tha..

KPCL: Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matters paragraph in the Auditor's Report of the compan..

NTLTUBES: Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter paragraph in the audited financial statements of..

DSE NEWS: Daily Turnover of Main Board

Today's (14.12.2025) Total Trades: 163,740; Volume: 149,043,832 and Turnover: Tk. 4,574.953 million. Today's (14.12.2025) Total Tr..

SPCL: Other Matters

The auditor of the company has given the Other Matters in the Auditor's Report of the company for the year ended June 30, 2025. To..

PHARMAID: Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Emphasis of Matters paragraph in the audited financial statement for the year ended on 30..

DSENEWS: Withdrawal of Authorized Representatives

Withdrawal of Authorized Representative: R. N. Trading Limited (DSE TREC No. 78) has withdrawn two of its Authorized Representativ..

DSENEWS: Withdrawal of Authorized Representative

Withdrawal of Authorized Representative: Mika Securities Ltd. (DSE TREC No. 215) has withdrawn one of its Authorized Representativ..

DSE NEWS: Withdrawal of Authorized Representatives

Withdrawal of Authorized Representatives: First Capital Securities Ltd. (DSE TREC No. 70) has withdrawn two of its Authorized Repr..

UPGDCL: Credit Rating Result

Emerging Credit Rating Limited (ECRL) has affirmed surveillance rating of the Company as "AAA" in the long term and "ST-1" in the ..

DSE NEWS: Withdrawal of Authorized Representative

Withdrawal of Authorized Representative: Island Securities Ltd. (DSE TREC No. 106) has withdrawn one of its Authorized Representat..

DSENEWS: Withdrawal of Authorized Representative

Withdrawal of Authorized Representatives: UniCap Securities Limited (DSE TREC No. 163) has withdrawn one of its Authorized Represe..

CRAFTSMAN: Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Emphasis of Matter paragraph in the Auditor's Report of the company for the year ended Ju..

MJLBD: Emphasis of Matter and Other Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Emphasis of Matter and Other Matter paragraph in the audited financial statements of the ..

TB15Y0626: Resumption after Record date

Trading of 15Y BGTB 15/06/2026 Government Securities will resume on 15.12.2025.

TB5Y0630: Suspension for Record date

Trading of 05Y BGTB 18/06/2030 Government Securities will remain suspended on record date i.e., 17.12.2025 and day before the reco..

OIMEX: Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Qualified Opinion and Emphasis of Matter paragraphs in the audited financial statements f..

TB20Y1228: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record Date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 24/12/2028 Government Securities is 23.12.2025.

TB20Y0640: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record Date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 24/06/2040 Government Securities is 23.12.2025.

TB20Y0629: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record Date for entitlement of coupon payment of 20Y BGTB 24/06/2029 Government Securities is 23.12.2025.

TB15Y0635: Record date for entitlement of coupon payment

Record Date for entitlement of coupon payment of 15Y BGTB 24/06/2035 Government Securities is 23.12.2025.

BDTHAI: Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Emphasis of matter paragraph in the Auditor's Report for the year ended on 30 June 2025. ..

TB10Y1229: Suspension for Record date

Trading of 10Y BGTB 18/12/2029 Government Securities will remain suspended on record date i.e., 17.12.2025 and day before the reco..

SADHESIVE: Spot for entitlement of Stock Dividend

Trading of the shares of the company will be allowed only in the Spot Market and Block transaction will also be settled as per spo..

SAPORTL: Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of the company has given the Emphasis of Matters paragraph in the audited financial statement for the year ended on 30..

AFTABAUTO: Emphasis of Matter

The auditor of Aftab Automobiles Limited & its Subsidiary has given Emphasis of Matter paragraph in the Auditor?s Report for the y..

FORTUNE: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will remain suspended on record date i.e., 15.12.2025.

ECABLES: Resumption after Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will resume on 15.12.2025.

BDTHAI: Resumption after Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will resume on 15.12.2025.

GOLDENSON: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will remain suspended on record date i.e., 15.12.2025.

SILCOPHL: Suspension for Record Date

Trading of the shares of the company will remain suspended on record date i.e., 15.12.2025.

LRBDL: Spot News

Trading of the shares of the company will be allowed only in the Spot Market and Block transaction will also be settled as per spo..

SAMATALETH: Spot News

Trading of the shares of the company will be allowed only in the Spot Market and Block transaction will also be settled as per spo..

MTBPBOND: Semi-annual Coupon Amount Disbursement

The issuer of Mutual Trust Bank Perpetual Bond has informed that they have transferred the semi-annual coupon amount to the respec..

FIRSTSBANK: Q3 Financials (Revised un-audited Financial Statement)

The company has informed that Bangladesh Bank vide letter dated 25 November 2025 has cancelled the deferral facility for preparing..

RELIANCE1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 10.57 per unit on the basis of ..

EBLNRBMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.40 per unit on the basis of..

ICBAGRANI1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.26 per unit on the basis of c..

DBH1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.37 per unit on the basis of c..

ICBAMCL2ND: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.33 per unit on the basis of c..

PF1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.66 per unit on the basis of c..

IFILISLMF1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.88 per unit on the basis of c..

PHPMF1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.78 per unit on the basis of..

1JANATAMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 5.99 per unit on the basis of c..

POPULAR1MF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.95 per unit on the basis of..

CAPMBDBLMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.06 per unit on the basis of c..

ABB1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported a Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.04 per unit on the basis of..

EBL1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.30 per unit on the basis of c..

MBL1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.43 per unit on the basis of c..

PRIME1ICBA: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.60 per unit on the basis of c..

ICB3RDNRB: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.53 per unit on the basis of c..

GREENDELMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 8.66 per unit on the basis of c..

GRAMEENS2: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 15.54 per unit on the basis of ..

ICBEPMF1S1: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.38 per unit on the basis of c..

CAPMIBBLMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.74 per unit on the basis of c..

CAPITECGBF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.83 per unit on the basis of c..

IFIC1STMF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 7.39 per unit on the basis of c..

SEMLIBBLSF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 9.57 per unit on the basis of c..

TRUSTB1MF: Daily NAV

On the close of operation on December 11, 2025, the Fund has reported Net Asset Value (NAV) of Tk. 6.44 per unit on the basis of c..